Bone, joint, and mobility is the main area connected here, and any felt benefit should be read together with the human evidence base.
Human evidence exists, but it is mostly in patient or disease contexts, so the score is handled conservatively.
Representative tier calculated from paper evidence that passed the collection audit.
The representative ingredient tier is calculated from these target-level evidence groups.
Potential benefit studied in Bone and joint health. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.
This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.
Potential benefit studied in Immune and respiratory health. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.
This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.
This card is closer to a measured biomarker or lab outcome than a directly felt user benefit. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.
This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.
Potential benefit studied in Cognition and focus. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.
This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.
Standalone side-effect signals and combination cautions are listed separately.
No standalone side-effect or combination signal is currently clear enough to show from the collected papers. This does not mean there is no concern.
Paper IDs and full lists are private. Only study types and summaries are shown.
The EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies sets adequate intakes (AIs) for phylloquinone only, maintaining the reference value proposed by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1993.
The results suggest that cerebral menaquinone-4 originates from phylloquinone intake and that there are two routes of accumulation, one is the release of menadione from Phylloquinone in the intestine followed by the prenylation ofMenadione into menaquin one-4
This review is the first to highlight differences between isoforms vitamin K1 and K2 by means of source, function, and extrahepatic activity.
Current knowledge about the kinetics of different forms of vitamin K, their detection, and their toxicity are discussed in this review.
A pathway for how VKOR uses electrons from cysteines of newly synthesized proteins to reduce a quinone is proposed, confirmed by in vitro reconstitution of vitamin K-dependent disulphide bridge formation.
There is growing interest in menaquinone (vitamin K2) intakes for which the food composition databases need to be expanded and there is no single biomarker that is considered a gold-standard measure of vitamin K status.