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arrow_backExplore/Vitamin B12
Tier-BPublic-ready6/25/2026

Vitamin B12

Blood-Level or Deficiency Marker is closer to a research marker, so it should be read separately from a directly felt benefit.

Human evidence exists, but it is mostly in patient or disease contexts, so the score is handled conservatively.

Representative tier calculated from paper evidence that passed the collection audit.

Papers analyzed
97
Caution signal
Low
Representative score
61.4
Blood-Level or Deficiency MarkerGlucose and metabolic health markersStress Response and Sleep Changes

Main benefit evidence

The representative ingredient tier is calculated from these target-level evidence groups.

Nutrient status and deficiency
4 studiesTier-B
Blood-Level or Deficiency Marker
Fairly consistent positive signal in studiesResearch marker focusPatient-group study

This is based on lab markers such as blood levels, deficiency correction, or absorption. Read it separately from directly felt outcomes.

Evidence score
54.6
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Glucose and metabolic health
2 studiesTier-C
Glucose and metabolic health markers
Fairly consistent positive signal in studiesResearch marker focusPatient-group study

This card is closer to a measured biomarker or lab outcome than a directly felt user benefit. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
48.7
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Stress and mood
2 studiesTier-C
Stress Response and Sleep Changes
Fairly consistent positive signal in studiesFelt benefit focusPatient-group study

These findings come from stress response, cortisol, anxiety, or sleep outcomes. They may mix felt benefits with physiological markers.

Evidence score
48.7
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Recent research

Updated This Month10 new papers

Key cautions to review

Standalone side-effect signals and combination cautions are listed separately.

Caution index
0.8
Caution band: Low
Caution signals
4
Side effects + combos + curated rules
Key precautions
No curated contraindication rule is available yet, but literature caution signals are shown below.
Standalone side effects, combination cautions, and positive combos are separated below.

Standalone side effects

Semen quality1 papers
A few in vivo system studies have deliberated some adverse effects of Vitamin B12 on semen quality, though the mainstream work reports positive effects.human · unknown
Adverse events (acne, palpitations, anxiety, akathisia, facial ruddiness, headache, insomnia)1 papers
A single case report describes a young woman developing multiple adverse symptoms including acne, palpitations, anxiety, akathisia, facial ruddiness, headache, and insomnia after receiving multiple daily oral doses of 1 mg cyanocobalamin for pernicious anemia.human · unknown
Adverse effect signal1 papers
The study reported vitamin B12 hypervitaminosis in many vegetarian and vegan children, associated with high-dose vitamin B12 supplementation.human · unknown
Adverse effect signal1 papers
A case report observed acne, palpitations, anxiety, akathisia, facial ruddiness, headache, and insomnia following multiple daily doses of cyanocobalamin for pernicious anemia.human · unknown

Evidence summaries

Paper IDs and full lists are private. Only study types and summaries are shown.

Key Evidence #1
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 624
review

The epidemiology and causes of cobalamin deficiency in elderly people, with an emphasis on food-cobalamin malabsorption syndrome, are reviewed, and diagnostic and management strategies for cobalamina deficiency are reviewed.

Key Evidence #2
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 213
observational

It is found that the effect of probiotics in enhancing host resistance to pathogen infections depended on function of B_12 produced by an anaerobic indigenous gut microbe, Cetobacterium, which exhibited the ability to strengthen the interactions within gut mic

Key Evidence #3
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 199
review

The heterogeneous disease spectrum of patients with vitamin B12 deficiency in whom the diagnosis was either based on low serum B12 levels, elevated biomarkers like methylmalonic acid and/or homocysteine, or the improvement of clinical symptoms after the instit

3 more summariesLimited representative sample by study type.
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Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 198
observational

There is a lack of randomised controlled trials and prospective studies focusing specifically on the relation between B12 and oxidative stress in humans, resulting in a low strength of evidence, and further work is warranted.

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 175
observational

These randomized trial data from a large cohort of women at high risk of CVD indicate that daily supplementation with folic acid/B6/B12 may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration.

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 155
review

The reduction of vitamin B12 may be induced by metformin in a dose dependent manner, as compared with placebo or other anti-hyperglycemic therapy.

Vitamin B12
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